Chapter 1 > Wuh Tehn Vel

>> Chapter 1 >> Articles vs Nouns / Wuh-zhit Tehn Vel-zhit Nouns are person/place/thing. In the previous lesson, “nam tam-tor s’udish” has nam, this acts in place of an article (the/a), and any noun can be an article in that phrase. S’udish (outside) is both an adverb and adjective in the small phrase (clause). S’udish is also a noun of course when used as the subject. The articles “the, a, an” are rarely used in Vulcan. Articles are not an acceptable form of everyday Vulcan and can be used as profanity. To be less confusing, here are some examples, (you can judge if they’re using profanity or not): : We know about adjectives like “rom” (good): Sa-kan romik. The boy is good. Rom dunap. A good book. (as opposite a bad one) Dunap. A book, the book, book. Wuh dunap. One book. Reh dunap. Three books. : The article quantifies (makes amount) the noun (“book”), the plural suffix/marker -LAR is only used to clarify where important. One writes a book. = Veh kitau wuh dunap. (teaching form) = Kitau veh dunap. (rare, lecture form) : Veh meaning one, if that one is capable of speech. By this grammar rule, pronouns also align. Yokul ko-veh. = She eats / is eating. Fi’asal ko yokul. = Mornings she eats. : This is clearly not proper VSO verb-subject-object Yokul ko-veh cereal, she eats cereal, and is sometimes used to describe or tell a list. Fi’asal ko eh sa yokul. = Mornings he and she eat / are eating. : It also works for combining verbs. Kitau telv-tor sa-veh ko-veh. (Short, but acceptable grammar, no articles) Fi’asal sa kitau eh ko telv-tor. = (Most) mornings he writes and she reads. (“Most” is implied when the verb doesn’t come first) : There isn’t a special form of vulcan words when referring to gender. Instead, use a prefix pronoun. Ron-tu (dog) Ron-tu satik. = Male dog / the dog is male. Sa-ron-tu. = A boy-dog. (male) Ka-ron-tu. = A girl-dog. (female) Ish-ron-tu. = A non-specified-dog. Nam-ron-tu. = An existing dog. (a real dog) Homework. Write a sentence in Vuhlkansu, translate the sentence into English and write it, then translate the sentence back into Vuhlkansu different from the original without losing any meaning. It doesn’t have to be perfect. (The teacher is to use this to assess class direction of chapter 1.)

Chapter 1 > Tsuri Karik-Tor-Zhit

>Chapter 1 >> Tsuri karik-tor-zhit / Common strong-verbs
Eat = Yokul
Choose = Nahr (same as ancient training, choose only one)
Choose     = Dvel (aka, pick any)
Rule, manage = Khau
Observe = Glantau
Respond = Kesau
Assist = Mamuk
Attend = Torau
Write = Kitau

The irregular-strong verbs sometimes are tricky. Let’s look at an example.

I have a cat. = Ma nash-veh cat.
The cat sheds. = Foshul cat.

The irregular-strong verb FOSHUL has the common conjugations/changes to explain meaning:

Foshul = to shed (infinitive)
Fosha = the result of shedding, i.e. the hair on the ground.
Foshan = the time the cat sheds, the shedding duration

It is common for irregular-strong verbs to remain unchanged by fluent speakers, especially if there are similar verbs. For example:

Shei = to scream
She-tor = to rise
Gla-tor = to see
Glantau = to observe/witness

If we use the rules learned, the phrase “shen cat heh shen cat” carries confusion (and more so with large lists,

“Shen shen cat heh glana glanta etek ish-veh.”
THE CAT RISES AND SCREAMS AND THE SIGHT WE SEE IT.

Shen shei cat, heh glantau etek glan.
Rises screaming the cat, and see us the sight (of it).

[Sorry for the poor example.]

Fi’lap cat. = In a tree is a cat, are cats.
Nam-tor cat fi’lap.  = The cat is on a tree

If gla-tor is to see, and gla is vision, and glan is sight. What do you think glana means? Write your answer _______________________________.

Chapter 1 > Karik-Tor-Zhit

>Chapter 1 > Karik-tor-zhit tsurik heh ritsurik. = Regular-strong verbs and irregular-strong verbs.

You’ve learned about weak verbs: oren, a lesson, oren-tor to learn. You will now learn about regular-strong verbs (for example) like torau, to attend, and irregular-strong verbs like prah, to get/receive. Weak-verbs add -tor, regular-strong verbs en with -au, irregular-strong verbs are each unique.

Regular-strong verb: Torau (to attend)
Torau (verb ongoing, infinitive)
1st conjugation: Toraya = an attendance, one instance of attending something, or a visit.
2nd conjugation Torayan = an attendance, attending duration, a visit from start to finish.

Irregular-strong verb: Prah (to get/receive)
Prah (verb ongoing, infinitive)
1st conjugation: Prah (same as infinitive) = a reception, one instance of receiving, reception.
2nd conjugation: Phrahn, prahan = the time it takes to receive something.

Note that irregular and regular verbs have the same conjugations. In previous lesson weak verbs “oren-tor” did not, but are allowed to share some of these conjugations, for example, orenan, is redundant and only used to avoid confusion from the subjunctive “what if” statements, if a sentence is getting crowded/long. (The subjunctive will be covered in a later chapter, it’s basically a sentence starting with a statement, comma theory.).

Basic practice: translate the statement into Vuhlkansu using the verbs prah and torau plus the proper pronoun.
I attend =____________________
You get = ____________________
You all attend = ____________________
We get = ____________________
They attend = ____________________
He, she gets = ____________________

Irregular strong verbs are used more clearly with specific pronouns, This is very common/standard.
Only you attend = ____________________
Only we get = ____________________
Only you all attend = ____________________

NOTE: Bi-directional pronouns exist, but aren’t discussed in book one.

Chapter 1 - Is-Lof heh Shid

>>Chapter 1 - Is-Lof heh Shid / Functions and Forms
Varsu (storyteller/reporter)

Varsu: Tonk’peh, rom-gad, Varsu Juvs nash-veh s’sasayek 7 ro’fori, vu ahmlar ra, lesek.
Mels: Nam-tor Mels nash-veh eh ish T’Loc
Varsu: Ma vular ha toranik?
T’Loc: Ha, nam-tor torvukhsu (athletes) etwel. Nahr-tor (to train) etwel maut torvukh (sports). Mavau (to play) Mels svi’sahr-toran. Nahr-tor nash-veh ash’ya-dukal (soccer).
Mels: Heh sheht-gadtra halekau (to bike) nash-veh.
Varsu: Set’ki! Maut lesek.

V-image-1-5

> Indicate which statements are true (yeht) or false (riyeht), based on the reporter’s interview with Mels and T’Loc.
________ Juvs tersu t’gluvaya.
________ Nahr-tor Mels eh T’Loc wehk torvukh.
________ Mavau T’Loc svi’sahr-tor.
________ Nahr-tor Mels ash’ya-dukal.
________ Nahr-tor T’Loc ki’haf-dukal.
________ Halekau Mels heh T’Loc k’dah-halek.


> GRAMMAR > PRESENT TENSE > WEAK VERBS: ADDING -TOR (DO/MAKE)

Action (toraya), feelings (zherka), and states of being (kya), you need to use verbs. In English/Vulcan, the infinitive is the form of the word that presents an active or ongoing action. In English, the verbs are written with “to-verb,” to live long, to prosper, etc. Infinitives, all Vulcan verbs belong to three groups, weak verbs (ex: noun-tor), regular strong verbs (ex: tishau/tishaya), and irregular strong verbs (ex: ip-sut). This section is for weak verbs.

Dif-tor (to live long)
Dif-tor nash-veh = I live long a long time, I am living a long.time.
Sahr-tor (to run, to be quick)
Sahr-tor etek = We run, we are running.
Yuk-tor (to sleep)
Yuk-tor cat = the cat sleeps, the cat is sleeping

Use the present tense to express what you and others do, and ongoing actions. Context, sentence arrangement, will relay if it is ongoing or aspect.

Mahal-tor aluk svi’masu. = A fish swims in water.
Mahal-tor Sams na’gef. = Sams is swimming toward the shore.

*the letter i’ means now, and can change the meaning of the sentence to and from ongoing/aspect, use it sparingly or before the verb until sure.

>Here is a list for describing time. Nash feim na’wak-kethelvaya.
Kwon-sum = Always
Kanok-gad = Everyday
Kanok-gadra = every week
Kanok-tevun-krus = every month
K’ashiv = Often
Ul-wak = Sometimes
Worla = Never

> Here are some common weak -tor verbs/expressions
Tam-tor = to dance
Zan-tor = to view, to asses
Bek-tor = to wait
Mahr-tor = to buy
Zhu-tor = to hear
Oren-tor = to study, to learn
Shom-tor = to rest
Gla-tor = to see
Dva-tor = to believe
El-tor = to release, to free
Nahr-tor = to practice, to train
Fun-tor = to return, to revisit
Is-tor = to use

> Nahran > See what you know.
Wordlist > nash-veh, du, vu, etek, orensu

1. Mahr-tor __________ dunap na’oren ma au.
2. Is-tor __________ tum-vel oren-tor raf-vistra.
3. Kosu, gla-tor __________ ein-vel aitlu mahr-tor.
4. Heh __________, shom-tor etek za’oren wilat?
5. Fun-tor __________ na’oren-kel na’shi’dunap.
6. Bek-tor __________ t’hylla t’nash-veh fi’wak t’gad.

/

Challenge 1 & Answer (Kali 1 & Droi)

r/conlangs

•Posted by

u/krikkit_war_robot

Polarian (aka Kochärrön); (en)[es]10 hours ago

That that is is that... (Translation Challenge)

Activity

Came across this translation exercise on ConWorkshop and thought it might interest you guys. Here's the text:

That that is, is. That that is not, is not. Is that it? It is.

That that is, is that that is. Not is not. Is that it? It is.

That that is, is that that is not. Is not 'is that' it? It is.

That that is, is that that is not, 'is not.' Is that it? It is.

How do you guys' languages handle these sentences? Do you end up with a tongue twister like English? Or is there more differentiation?

ANSWER: 

Kaiidth. Ri kaiidth, rik. Kya? Nam-tor.

Kya. Ri rik. Kya? Nam-tor.

Kya rik nam-tor. 'Kya ish' ha? Nam-tor.

Nam, nam-tor ri kya, 'rik.' Kya? Nam-tor.

r/Vulcan

EXPLANATION: (hints, clues) 

Kaiidth means "that which is, is." and is central to Vulcan and many C'thia and Surak teachings. Vulcan doesn't use articles like 'the' or 'a' or 'that' with those words being used for clarity in questions. Words inherit value from left to right, dog yellow, the dog is yellow, yellow-dog a more so breed of dog. Logically, irrelevant words are omitted. For double negatives and conundrums such as this, ri (no), rik (prefix without), rik (adjective isn't), are used. Kya, to exist, and nam-tor, to be, are mostly interchangeable, but for "there are" nam-tor is used, and from hypothetical to ideological existence, poetic, using kya. Because of word-inheritance, "that that is" could be typed in full as 'that which is', but is redundant for fluent speakers.

(Kya'i is certainly poetic, emphasizing "I" = now, with even rarer suffix dth.)  

Learner's Note: 

Nam-tor, to be/exist, is used to state definite existence, but will be omitted by more fluent speakers.

words/

Nam-tor = to be/exist, kya = existence, ri = no/not, rik' = without, kaiidth = that which is, is. 

/LLAP

source: www.reddit.com/r/conlangs/comments/afgo3u/that_that_is_is_that_translation_challenge/